10 Mark Bills

I let Librarian sensibilities take over, and turn to Sheryl, our consummate cataloger, for help.

“Realia”, she determines, we’ll catalog them as artifacts. In our world, as Wikipedia explains, the term realia refers to three-dimensional objects from real life such as coins, etc., that do not easily fit into the orderly categories of printed material. They can be either man-made (artifacts, tools, utensils, etc.) or naturally occurring (specimens, samples, etc.), usually borrowed, purchased, or received as donation for use in classroom instruction or in exhibits.

5 Mark Bills

Initial research yields a source that holds the details that will help us describe and place the money in its context: Jewish Ghettos’ and Concentration Camps’ Money (1933-1945) by Zvi Stahl (1990). The second chapter contains images identical to the paper money we now own, and the story behind the German decision to produce it. We now have the tools, and soon enough the objects are placed in protective envelopes and the record entered in our online catalog. They join items such as stamps, coins, photographs and playing cards that enrich our collection, presenting opportunities to touch, smell and make good use of tokens of our past.

50 Pfennig bills

Post script: the Lodz Ghetto money was presented to the library while I was away in Israel. During a visit with one of my uncles, Yaʻakov Refalovich,  he presented me with a copy of his memoirs, hand-written by him, printed and bound by his grandchildren for his 80^th birthday. One of the chapters in the books told the story of his survival in the Lodz Ghetto. Having been published in a limited edition, the book was placed in the Rare Book Room as well. A week before Holocaust Memorial day…and so it goes…

Yaffa Weisman

The term YaKNeHaZ—also pronounced YaKN-HaZ—is an acronym composed of the initial letters of five Hebrew words: yayin, kiddush, ner, havdalah, zeman.  It is a “seman,” a mnemonic aid to remembering the correct order of the blessings of the kiddush and the havdalah when Passover coincides with the conclusion of Shabbat.  If we tum to the Babylonian Talmud, tractate Pesahim, 102b-103a, we learn that Abaye taught that the correct order for these prayers was YaKaZNaH; while Rabba maintained it was YaKNeHaZ, and the halachah is according to Rabba.

In the earliest manuscript siddurim and haggadot, including the Mahzor Vitri and the Seder Rav Amram Gaon, as well as the Birds Head Haggadah and the Kauffmann Haggadah, the seman YakNeHaZ appears either before or immediately after the kiddush and havdalah prayers. This practice of including this seman continued through the centuries in both manuscript and then printed haggadot, but began to disappear from printed haggadot in the nineteenth century

YakNeHaZ sounds similar to the German phrase “jag den Häs, hunt the hare.”  At some time unknown to us, and most likely in a German- speaking region, an artist illuminating a Haggadah decided that the insertion of a hare-hunt scene at this point in the liturgy was a suitably amusing piece of artistic whimsy, a punning pictorial witticism.

We have no data that reveals exactly when some illuminator first inserted a hare-hunt scene in a Haggadah adjacent to the seman yaknehaz or the kiddush which includes the havdalah.

Indeed, the attempt to find some solution to this question is potentially clouded by the prevalence of hare-hunting scenes in the broad genre of European manuscript illustration and in the narrower area of Jewish illuminated manuscripts.  From the pre-Carolingian era, the hare hunt was a recurring motif in European illuminated manuscripts.  In one type of image, a dog or dogs chase a hare or hares.  In another, individuals, armed with various weapons and accompanied by dogs, chase after a hare or hares.  In one style the hunter holds a boar spear—a spear with a large head and a cross-piece to prevent a charging boar “running-up” the spear and goring the hunter with its tusks—which certainly seems to be ironic overkill when hunting a rabbit!

Hamburg-Altona. 1740/1741. Written and illuminated by Jankew Sofer ben Rabbi Judah Loeb, Shamash of Berlin.

In the Ashkenazi Haggadah, produced in the south of Germany around 1460 and illustrated by Joel ben Simeon Feibusch, there is neither liturgical direction nor seman; the illustration appears on the bottom of the page which contains the blessing for ner, and part of the havdalah. The image itself has come to represent the vocalization of the seman, that is “jag den Häs = YaKNHa”Z.”

First Cincinnati Haggadah. 15th century. In this famous example from the First Cincinnati Haggadah, produced in southern Germany towards the end of the fifteenth century, we see that the scribe, Meir ben Israel Jaffe of Heidelberg, has written the seman as part of his liturgical directions, and then "spelled­out" the seman underneath as five words. Immediately under these words is the hare-hunt scene.

Conegliano Haggadah, 1742/1743

Like the Ashkenazi Haggadah, the Washington Haggadah was also illuminated by Joel ben Simeon. As is common in medieval Haggadah illustration, we see an armed man next to the beginning of the paragraph beginning “Tse, u-lemad, Go forth and learn what Laban the Aramean sought to do to Jacob our father. Pharaoh only decreed concerning the males; but Laban sought to destroy all, as it is written ‘An Aramaean destroying my father’. " If you look carefully, you will see that the drawing of a hare has been incorporated into the rubrication surrounding the word "va-yered'' beginning the very next paragraph. What we have here in the Washington Haggadah is a "hare hunt," with a hunter and a hare. The image of the armed man represents Laban, who is out hunting for Jacob, represented here by the rabbit hiding in the rubrication.

Moss Haggadah. When European Jews included hare hunt scenes in their Haggadot, I suspected that their sympathies lay with the hare! It seems to me that this apparently incongruous hare-hunting scene found its way into these European Haggadot precisely because it represented the image of the persecuted Jews. I became suddenly obsessed with images of hares and their relentless huntsmen. Then, at one point, my focus shifted from the human hunter of the hare to its natural predators. I caught a glimpse of a stark and powerful new image: that of the eagle. I began tracking down this bird of prey in zoology and mythology, heraldry and human history. I’ve collected some of these images on page 7b, adding only the hares which appear in the eagles’ clutches. … The last panel shows the hare which, always, somehow, manages to escape." —David Moss, A Song of David, Commentary

Barcelona Haggadah. The Barcelona Haggadah is a most exquisite fifteenth century work produced in the Catalan region of Spain. There are several different types of hound-hunter-hare vignettes that are depicted in this work. On the YaKeNHaZ page, one hound has caught sight of a hare, the other just sits there. On the facing page, in the bottom left, we see a rabbit emerging from the foliage; the rabbit seems to be chasing the dog. In the left panel, a dog with a hunting horn and a shield and dagger seems ready to do battle with a rabbit, armed either with a carrot or some sort of spear head. On the page following the kiddush for weeknight, at the bottom of the page, we see a hunter, with horn, and a staff from which seem to hang hares already caught. We also have a pack of hounds, and a hare.

Sarajevo Haggadah. Perhaps the single best known Jewish illuminated manuscript is the Sarajevo Hagadah, produced in Spain during the 14th century. We see here a hound chasing a hare, separated by the words "min ha'aretz." Turning back to the preceding page, we find the motivation for this image in the text, where the Egyptians plot the destruction of the Israelites: "... Let us, then, deal shrewdly with them, lest they increase, and in the event of war, join our enemies in fighting against us and gain ascendancy over the country." Egypt is the dog; Israel the hare. The phrase "gain ascendancy over the country" translates the Hebrew "ve-'alah min ha-'aretz,” which can be rendered literally: “And he sprang up from the earth." The hound takes off after the rabbit as it springs up from cover.

Dr. Jonathan Krasner

I am excited to share my conversation with Dr. Jonathan Krasner, HUC professor of the American Jewish Experience and author of The Benderly Boys & American Jewish Education.

SFS: Jonathan, congratulations on winning the National Jewish Book Award for American Jewish Studies!

JK: Thanks, Sheryl. It is very exciting!  

SFS: I had not realized until I read your book, how big an impact Samson Benderly has made on my life and that of my children.  In fact, I had never heard of him.  But I suspect his fingerprints are all over the Jewish supplementary schools and camp that I attended as well as here HUC. Tell me about Benderly’s major works.

JK: Samson Benderly was a fascinating guy. Born into a Hasidic family in Safed in the late 19th century, he defied his parents and went to study medicine in Beirut and, later, Baltimore. In order to support himself he taught Hebrew and eventually became the head of a progressive supplementary school in Baltimore. Somewhere along the way he became one of the earliest Jewish educators in North America to teach Hebrew using the immersion method — Ivrit b’Ivrit. One of his earliest students was Henrietta Szold, who would go on to found Hadassah.

Over time, he realized that his sideline was actually his passion and he gave up medicine for education.  News of his progressive methods and impressive results spread and he was called to New York to direct the first bureau of Jewish education. From his perch at the BJE, where he worked from 1910-1941, he worked to professionalize the field, modernize the supplementary schools, train teachers, develop curricula and teaching materials, open the first Jewish culture camps, and convince Federation that Jewish education should be a community responsibility. Most importantly, perhaps, he raised a generation of disciples who spread his ideas to communities across North America. They were known as the “Benderly boys.”

SFS: I was surprised that much of his early work focused on Jewish education for girls.  Why did he think that was important and how did he make his programs so successful?

JK: Benderly’s interest in girls’ education stemmed from his conviction that the “future mothers of Israel” needed to have a strong Jewish foundation if they were to raise knowledgeable children with positive Jewish identities. Like many secular educators of his day, Benderly also believed that women’s dispositions made them better teachers, on average, than men, especially for young children. So he was very interested in preparing his most promising female students to become teachers. There was also some opportunism at play. Benderly wanted to open laboratory schools that would train teachers and pioneer modern methods. But he feared that parents would be hesitant to send their boys to these untested and newfangled institutions. Girls, on the other hand represented a terribly underserved market. With few alternatives, parents were more likely to “take a chance” with their girls. ( There was a further consideration that made girls’ education attractive: In those days, girls did not have bat mitzvahs, so the lab schools were under no pressure to teach to the test, so to speak.)

By the way, the “Benderly boys” included a number of girls! They received the same training as their male colleagues, studying at Columbia University Teachers College and the Jewish Theological Seminary’s Teachers Institute while interning at the Bureau of Jewish Education under Benderly’s mentorship. Most of these women followed the gender conventions of the day and eventually gave up their jobs to raise families. But a few stayed in the field. Libbie Berkson ran Camp Modin in Canaan, Maine for many years, and Leah Klepper taught pedagogy at the Teachers Institute.  

SFS: Benderly worked largely with Jewish immigrants, especially in the early 1900’s. Immigrants often put much of their energy into assimilating and melting into the proverbial  American pot. How did he entice them into incorporating Jewish education and religious (not just cultural) identity into their lives?

JK: Your question is very perceptive and points to one of Benderly’s greatest challenges. On the one hand, there were traditionalists who really wanted to give their children the same Jewish education they had back in eastern Europe. On the other hand, there were, for lack of a better term, assimilationists, who were far more concerned about making sure that their children fit in and succeeded in American society more generally. Benderly was promoting a third option, teaching an Americanized Judaism that was perceived to be in harmony with American culture and values and would not conflict with Jewish socio-economic aspirations. It was a struggle at first and there were many parents and community leaders who resisted. But as fears grew about an Jewishly alienated and godless second generation, more people began to embrace Benderly’s approach. As one Orthodox rabbi put it, Benderly’s methods might not be his cup of tea, but he seemed to get kids excited about Judaism, and that was worth the world.  To be honest, however, Benderly’s modernized supplementary school only achieves universal acceptance in the postwar period when it becomes a standard feature of the suburban synagogue center.    

SFS: The institutions that he created were very different from those of the European Jewish communities. What did Benderly feel was important for American Judaism?

JK: Benderly was an immigrant and he had the typical immigrant’s enthusiasm for America as a land of opportunity and a haven from intolerance.  He was not interested in a strategy of resistance. Rather, he was an accommodationist. He thought Judaism could be harmonized with American values. But he also believed that it needed to be modernized in order to appeal to the younger generation. Benderly was also a cultural Zionist and believed that American Jewish culture could and should draw inspiration from the Jewish upbuilding of Palestine (Eretz Yisrael).

SFS: I was surprised to learn that Benderly was opposed to Jewish day schools. Why was that?

JK: Benderly realized that the vast majority of American Jews were wedded to the public schools. Secular education was a vehicle for socio-economic advancement and Americanization. So, his focus on supplementary education was based on practicality. It is important to remember that day school education did not really take off until the postwar era.  At the same time, however, Benderly believed in the democratic mission of the public schools. So, there was also an ideological component to his opposition.

SFS: Jonathan, I have a question about your approach to this material.  You mentioned that much of the previous scholarship on Jewish education was “prescriptive;” that it showed a top-down approach to what Jewish programs intended to do. You, however, wanted to be more “descriptive.” Can you tell me what that means to your research?

JK: Previous historians of Jewish education tended to also be practitioners. They had a vested interest in promoting a particular narrative. some were also sheepish about admitting the extent to which the educators’ aspirations went unrealized. they did not want to admit failure. I am certainly not dispassionate about my subject. But I think I have a level of distance that allows me to be more clear-eyed. I’ve also tried hard to supplement prescriptive materials — curricula, textbooks, articles — with descriptive sources — photos, internal reports, private correspondence. Taken together, I think they paint a more well-rounded picture of Jewish education in the first half of the 20th century. 

Jodi Magness, who wrote Stone and Dung, Oil and Spit, is a respected archaeologist who combined archaeological evidence with textual passages to try to form a picture of what Jewish life was like in the late second temple period. Her main interest seemed to be the way Jewish purity laws played out in everyday life for people at that time. She talked about the “Jewish elite” of the time, who were enamored of Roman material culture and who tried to imitate it in various ways, including vessels, food, clothing, beverages, personal hygiene and other things but who tried to accommodate those things while retaining the elaborate system of purity laws. She also discussed some of the more extreme groups of Jews who rejected Roman ways, and those who fell in between. The purity laws seemed to accentuate the “otherness” of Jews in the Roman Empire at the same time as many struggled to fit in, yet retain their uniqueness. It reminds me of me, and others like me, trying to be in the modern world, while keeping traditional practices, like kashrut, Shabbat and Jewish holidays. We love Thai and Chinese cuisine and good wines, but we have to adapt it to our ways. Hanukkah begins to look a lot like Christmas, but we say no to trees and colored lights. Are we other, or do we belong, just a little differently? It is obviously a very old question, going back at least to cave man times. Can we go with the flow? How much? It reminds me of those circus performers where one beautiful lady rides two racing horses at once.

Anyway, as they say, what goes around comes around. It seems that we’ve been struggling with the same problems for a long, long time, and not only as Jews.

Sarah Barnard

Brown pelicans at Fisherman's Wharf in Monterey

I just returned from Monterey California where once again librarians gathered from all over the country to discuss the latest in technology that affects our work and our world.

As in most years, there were a couple of hot topics that seemed to dominate the convention.  This year, the topics were e-books and Google (and other search engine issues)

E-books have been a hot topic at the HUC-JIR library too.  We’ve been exploring  the many challenges of adding e-books to our collection.  The number of options is rather mind-boggling.  I’m very curious if and how our readers read e-books.  Do you read them at the your computer? download to a reader? or a tablet? Buy from a bookstore? Checkout from your public library? Do you read fiction or non-fiction in a e-book? is it a different experience?  Enquiring librarians want to know!

But what I really learned the most about is news about Google; some fun, some scary.

Beginning with the fun stuff.  Google has a new feature called ngrams.  They taken their massive collection of digitized books and indexed many of the words over time.  You can map how word usage has changed over time.  For example, this graph shows how mentions of Jews, Hebrews, and Israelites have appeared in literature from 1800-2000.

Another interesting feature is public data You can access many different sets of data about population, retail, health, energy, economy, etc. and create charts and graphs to save and export.

Now onto the scary. Big Brother is not only watching you, he is selling data about you to many buyers.  Many different companies (including Google and Amazon) track your online activity; what you search, where you click.  One way to find out who is tracking you is by looking at www.Ghostery.com  The business model for google is that you are the product that they sell to advertisers.

This not only affects the advertising that appears on the sidebars, but your actual search results.  Google remembers your search habits and delivers results based on that history.  So if you and a dozen of your friends do the exact same search, you will get very different results. And probably, the first 100 or so results will have be sophisticated spam pushed to the top by companies that specialize in SEO (search engine optimization) companies.

Some options for “cleaner” tracking free searching are: DuckDuckgo, Scroogle, or Blekko.

I’m hoping to be able to implement some of the other tips and tricks I learned into the library website.

Sheryl

Not long ago, using manuscripts for liturgy research involved traveling to rare book rooms around the world or looking at microfilm in the basement of the National Library of Israel (Department of Manuscripts and The Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts – National Library). Progressively, the digitization of Hebrew manuscripts gives librarians and scholars the opportunity to view manuscripts without leaving one’s chair. The manuscripts or Jewish prayer books are a great resource for Jewish art, liturgy, history and more.  Entering “mahzor” or “siddur” into Google gives you the Wikipedia articles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machzor and  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddur), which provide a good introduction to the mahzor and siddur.Once you get oriented, it is time to begin seeing the world of Jewish liturgy on the Web.

Worms Mazhor

You may want to start with the National Library of Israel manuscript collection website that has a few good examples of mahzorim, including the famous Worms Mahzor, copied in 1272.

Nuremberg mahzor

There is also the beautifully illustrated Nuremberg Mahzor copied in 1331. The website includes an introduction to the manuscripts as well as scholarly articles related to them. (http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss/worms/intro_heb.html and http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/mss-pr/mahzor-nuremberg/intro.html)

Another website that includes many manuscripts, including mahzorim, is the Braginsky collection. This is a must-see website for anyone interested in manuscripts. This private collection includes beautifully illustrated manuscripts of Ketubot, Passover Hagadot, Megilot Esther and more. The website allows you to englarge the high-resolution images to see a very fine level of detail.

Another research tool for finding rare books is the HebrewBooks.org website. Just type in Mahzor using the virtual Hebrew keyboard and find hundreds of titles which can all be viewed online or downloaded. Dozens of these mahzorim are from the 16^thcentury, which are very valuable in liturgical study.

However, for those of you who prefer to see and touch the manuscripts (like me), the Klau Library in Cincinnati has a good collection of mahzorim including some from the 14^thcentury.

Shana Tova!

“Zion” in Jewish scripture [mentioned 108 times] is sometimes the Holy City with its sacred associations, sometimes the sorrowful Land of Israel awaiting the return of her exiled children. The yearning for Zion in its religious, literary and political forms found expression in travel & photo books, Hebrew primers, pilgrimage diaries and religious pamphlets.
Our new display reflects some of the Frances-Henry Library’s holdings of this literature.

AUTHOR Gordon, Benjamin Lee, 1870-1965.
TITLE New Judea ; Jewish life in modern Palestine and Egypt / by Benjamin L. Gordon. PUBLICATION Philadelphia : J. H. Greenstone, 1919.

Marcos Regalsky "What I saw in the land of Israel" (Yiddish)

AUTHOR Regalsky, Marcos, 1885-1959.
TITLE ‏וואס איך האב געזען אין ארץ-ישראל /‏ ‏מ. רעגאלסקי.
PUBLICATION ‏בוענאס אײרעס :‏ ‏עבודה,‏ ‏1936.
(What I Saw in the Land of Israel. Buenos Aires, 1936.)

AUTHOR Marmorosch, A.
TITLE Alte und neue Stätten in Palästina und Südsyrien ; ein moderner Führer / von A. Marmorosch.
PUBLICATION Jerusalem ; Buchdruckerei Azriel, 1931.
(Old and new places in Palestine and southern Syria, a modern guide. Jerusalem, 1931)

AUTHOR MacGregor, John, 1825-1892.
TITLE The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red Sea, and Gennesareth, etc. : A canoe cruise in Palestine and Egypt and the waters of Damascus / By J. Macgregor…with maps and illustrations. EDITION 7th ed.
PUBLICATION London : John Murray, 1886.

AUTHOR Buckingham, James Silk,
TITLE Reisen durch Syrien und Palestina …
PUBLICATION Weimar : Verlage des Landes – Industrie, 1827-28.
(Traveling through Syria and Palestine. Weimar, Germany, 1827/28)

AUTHOR Neil, James,
TITLE Palestine explored : with a view to its present natural features, and to the prevailing manners, customs, rites, and colloquial expressions of its people, which throw light on the figurative language of the Bible / by James Neil. EDITION 6th ed.
PUBLICATION London : J. Nisbet, [1881?]

exhibit case

AUTHOR Katznelson-Shazar, Rachel, 1888-1975
TITLE Arbeiterinnen erzählen : Kampf und Leben in Erez Jisrael / [comp. by R.K. Rubaschoff ; tr. from the Hebrew by R. Freier] ; Hrsg. vom Hechaluz, Deutscher Landesverband.
PUBLICATION Berlin : “Kedem”, 1935.
(Workers’ stories: struggle and life in Eretz Yisrael. Berlin, 1935)

AUTHOR Harry, Myriam.
TITLE A springtide in Palestine / by Myriam Harry.
PUBLICATION London : E. Benn Ltd., 1924.

AUTHOR Berḳman, Yitsḥaḳ.
TITLE בארצנו : מסע לארץ ישראל (עם ציורים) / יצחק ברקמן.
PUBLICATION ורשה : ניצוצות, תרפ”ב [1922 or 1921] DESCRIPTION 152 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. SERIES STATEMENT ביבליותיקה לילדים ולנערים ; 3
(In our land: a journey to Eretz Yisrael [with pictures]. Warsaw, 1921)

AUTHOR Klinov, I.
TITLE משוט בישראל : אלבום.
PUBLICATION תל-אביב : הוצאת ״לעם״, [1950] 711.
English, French and Hebrew. In a metal bookholder with inscribed title: Encyclopaedia of Israel in pictures.
(Traveling in Israel: a picture album. Tel Aviv, 1950)

AUTHOR Fyvel, T. R. 1907-1985.
TITLE This is Israel / 86 photographs by Boris Kowadlo ; text by T.R. Fyvel [pseud.] PUBLICATION Oxford : B. Cassirer ; Tel Aviv : Tevel Pub. Co., [n.d.]

AUTHOR Belkind, Israel, 1861-1929.
TITLE ארץ ישראל : ספר למוד גיאוגרפיה של ארצנו / ישראל בלקינד.
PUBLICATION ניו-יורק : הוצאת המאיר, 1919.
(Eretz Yisrael: a geography textbook of our land. New York, 1919)

AUTHOR Sharnopolsky, Samuel.
TITLE מורה-דרך לארץ ישראל / ש. שרנופולסקי.
PUBLICATION תל-אביב : דפוס השחר,1930
(A guide to Eretz Yisrael. Tel Aviv, 1930)

Title page of Mencken's Erez Israel

AUTHOR Mencken, H. L. 1880-1956.
TITLE Erez Israel / by H.L. Mencken.
PUBLICATION [N.Y.: B.P. Safran], 1935.
Reprinted from the Evening Sun, Baltimore.
“Twenty five copies, for presentation only, printed by B.P. Safran at The New school [for social research, New York. Alvin Johnson, director]”

TITLE Journeys to the Promised Land / edited by Nachman Ran.
PUBLICATION New York : Portland House : Distributed by Crown Publishers, 1989, c1988.

AUTHOR Sokolow, Nahum, 1859-1936.
TITLE ארץ חמדה, כולל ידיעת גלילות אה”ק על פי גדולי התיירים. PUBLICATION ווארשא, בדפוס יצחק גאלדמאן, תרמ”ה [1885]
(Land of yearning, Warsaw, 1885)

Travels of Benjamin of Tudela

AUTHOR Benjamin of Tudela, 12th cent.
TITLE Beniamini Tvdelensis itinerarivm : ex versione Benedicti Ariae Montani. Svbiectae svnt descriptiones Mechae et Medinae-Alnabi ex itinerariis Lvdovici Vartomanni et Iohannis Wildii…
PUBLICATION Lipsiae : Ioann. Michael. Ludov. Tevbner, 1764.
(The travels of Benjamin of Tudela)

This year, as the Banned Books Week approaches (September 24-October 1), I find myself, once again, puzzled by the fact that more than 500 years after the invention of moveable print, and two decades of a constantly expanding Internet, we still need to remind ourselves that banning books is almost as common as publishing them, and that some people and institutions are still threatened by the endless possibilities of open access and the freedom to read.

Exhibit in the Frances-Henry Library

The books I chose to display are my own, part of a collection I use when I teach about censorship and the power of reading. You, too, have some banned books in your libraries. Just look at the lists published by the American Library Association at: http://www.ala.org/ala/issuesadvocacy/banned/bannedbooksweek/index.cfm

I guarantee that you will find some old friends listed.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Decameron (1350-1353)

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884/1885)

Harry Potter (1997-2007)

Fahrenheit 451 (1953)

Clockwork Orange (1962)

Animal Farm (1945)

What’s Wrong (2000)

Yaffa